was munich in west or east germany
Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s. [53] At the dawn of the 20th century Munich was an epicenter for the Jugendstil movement, combining a liberal magazine culture with progressive industrial design and architecture. [66], The first airport in Munich was completed in October 1939, in the area of Riem. Bavaria (and Munich) are not in The Black Forest. Most visitors will walk right past the little forest, but you . Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Jugendherberge Nrnberg is our pick for the best Hostel Sebalder Altstadt. Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid . Years earlier (the exact time is unclear, but may have been in the early 10th century), Benedictine monks helped build a toll bridge and a customs house over the Isar River (most likely in the modern town of Oberfhring) to control the salt trade between Augsburg and Salzburg (which had existed since Roman times). Buy-to-let apartment in Schneberg, 66 m. [40] William V was addressed with the epithet "the Pious" and like his contemporary Wittelsbach dukes promoted himself as "father of the land" (Landesvater), encouraged pilgrimages and Marian devotions. become East Germany was almost 17 million. Two large Baroque palaces in Nymphenburg and Oberschleissheim are reminders of Bavaria's royal past. On November 9, 1989, masses of East and West Germans alike gathered at the Berlin Wall and began to climb over and dismantle it. The Lenbachhaus houses works by the group of Munich-based modernist artists known as Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). [19], Archeological finds in Munich, such as in Freiham/Aubing, indicate early settlements and graves dating back to the Bronze Age. This new toll bridge most likely crossed the Isar where the Museuminsel and the modern Ludwigsbrcke is now located. Other contributing factors are the extraordinarily high rates of car ownership per capita (multiple times that of Berlin), the city's historically grown and largely preserved centralised urban structure, which leads to a very high concentration of traffic in specific areas, and sometimes poor planning (for example bad traffic light synchronisation and a less than ideal ring road). The area immediately south of the centre. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the Bishop of Freising. It is used by about 46million passengers a year, and lies some 30km (19mi) north east of the city centre. [47], During the early to mid-19th century, the old fortified city walls of Munich were largely demolished due to population expansion. As in the rest of Germany, the Catholic and Protestant churches have experienced a continuous decline in membership. [44], The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. Why Do Cross Country Runners Have Skinny Legs? Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselru in Mnchen", "Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015", "Munich Public Transportation Statistics", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rckwrts Bayern Aktuelles merkur-online", "Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen Business-Jets willkommen Mnchen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&oldid=1142743298. [64], In March 1924, Munich broadcast its first radio program. The renaturation of the Isar allows for the near natural development of the river bed and is part of Munich's flood protection. [128], Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the cultural history trails (KulturGeschichtsPfade). Munich offers 11 restaurants that have been awarded one or more Michelin stars in the Michelin Guide of 2021.[130]. The party created its first concentration camp at Dachau, 16km (9.9mi) north-west of the city. The second large Baroque residence is Schloss Schleissheim (Schleissheim Palace), located in the suburb of Oberschleissheim, a palace complex encompassing three separate residences: Altes Schloss Schleissheim (the old palace), Neues Schloss Schleissheim (the new palace) and Schloss Lustheim (Lustheim Palace). InterCity and EuroCity trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East. Since Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's premieres in 1775 many important writers have staged their plays in Munich such as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Henrik Ibsen and Hugo von Hofmannsthal. [162] Munich is the hub of a well-developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the BerlinMunich high-speed railway, which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. For its urban population of 2.6million people, Munich and its closest suburbs have a comprehensive network of public transport incorporating the Munich U-Bahn (underground railway), the Munich S-Bahn (suburban trains), trams and buses. In Berlin, this was 53 minutes and 28 seconds ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which was then the world's time standard. In 2017, the BerlinMunich high-speed railway opened, providing a journey time of less than 4 hours between the two German cities. [citation needed], Annual "High End Munich" trade show. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 March 2020, with a runoff held on 29 March, and the results were as follows: The Munich city council (Stadtrat) governs the city alongside the Mayor. Wherever you go, Romanesque, Gothic and baroque classics rub rafters with architectural creations from modern masters. von Manfred Niemeyer. [170], This article is about the city in Germany. Facts & figures Population: 13.1 million State capital: Munich Surface area: 70,552 km2 Gross domestic product in million (2019): 632,897 (2nd place) Noakes, Andrew (2005). As of 31 December 2017, 31.8% of the city's inhabitants were Catholic, 11.4% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish,[93] and 3.6% were members of an Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox). [68], Munich was the base of the White Rose, a student resistance movement. Hermann-Weinhauser-Strasse 71, 81673 Munich, Bavaria Germany Name/address in local language Munich Airport 17 mi See all flights Josephsburg Munich U-Bahn 10 min Kreillerstrae Munich U-Bahn 18 min Rental Cars See rental cars from $47/day 84 Potasia 2.0 48 Ristorantino Pastello min 202 min Nearby attractions St Michael in Berg am Laim 4 min The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich. Another important museum in the Kunstareal is the Egyptian Museum. One of the main historical differences giving Bavaria its distinct identity was that while many German territories that joined the German Empire in 1871 were Protestant, Bavaria was one of the few major German powers to remain Catholic. Hrsg. The following institutes are located in the Munich area: Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study[150] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne). The Circus Krone based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe. Many museums are on the avenue, such as the Haus der Kunst, the Bavarian National Museum and the Schackgalerie. The Ultimate History of BMW. Austro-Bavarian has no official status by the Bavarian authorities or local government, yet is recognised by the SIL and has its own ISO-639 code. [162] Its public transport system delivered 566million passenger trips that year. After crossing the river Isar, the avenue circles the Maximilianeum, which houses the state parliament. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, Dunkles, which gets its colour from roasted malt. RM2M96D93 - A road sign at Ullitz, Hof-Plauen, Thuringia, Germany, showing the border between East and West Germany, which was changed when the Berlin Wall came down on 12 November 1989. . In 1905 two large department stores opened in Munich, the Kaufhaus Oberpollinger and the Warenhaus hermann Tietz, both had been designed by the architect Max Littmann. [127] Food can be bought in each tent, as well as at various stalls throughout the fairgrounds. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. The name of the city is usually interpreted as deriving from the Old/Middle High German form Munichen, meaning "by the monks". Mnchen 2012. [77] Mass murders also occurred in Munich in 1980 and 2016. Henry wanted to expand his power in Bavaria by gaining control of the lucrative salt trade, which the Catholic Church in Freising had under its control. This confrontation, which lasted 44 years,. [citation needed], At the turn of the 20th century, Munich, and especially its suburb of Schwabing, was the preeminent cultural metropolis of Germany. Dezember 2018). Summary about cost of living in Stuttgart, Germany: Family of four estimated monthly costs are 3,262$ (2,800) without rent. Kirchenverwaltung und Pfarrgemeinderat St. Albert, Mnchen 1990, S. 1315. Germany became a federation of 16 states after the unification of the two sides. Another notable park is Ostpark located in the Ramersdorf-Perlach borough which also houses the Michaelibad, the largest water park in Munich. By 1961, when the Berlin Wall was constructed, 3.5 million East Germans, mostly young and well educated, had left. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min. [citation needed], From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Gnther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and Franois de Cuvillis. In Munich, at 500 meters (1,600 feet) above sea level, the average temperature in January is -0.5 C (31 F), and there are around 100 days per year with temperatures below freezing, at least at night. Old Norse verjar defender, settler), from Proto Indo-European. It was the typical beer in Munich in the 19th century, but it is now more of a speciality. Cole, Robert A. [168] However, in October 2009, the permit allowing up to 9725 business flights per year to depart from or land at Oberpfaffenhofen was confirmed by a regional judge.[169]. ): Die neue Isar, Band 4. In Fasangarten is the former McGraw Kaserne, a former US army base, near Stadelheim Prison. Is Black Forest mountain a block mountain? Eventually, he moved to Bavaria. The airport would remain there until it was moved closer to Freising in 1992. Funded by Kultur & Spielraum, this play city is run by young Germans performing the same duties as adults, including voting in city council, paying taxes, and building businesses. In November 1918, on the eve of the German revolution, Ludwig III and his family fled the city. ThoughtCo/ Jennifer Rosenberg Dachau, the first concentration camp, was established near Munich in March 1933, two months after Hitler's appointment as chancellor of Germany. Music is so important in the Bavarian capital that the city hall gives permissions every day to ten musicians for performing in the streets around Marienplatz. Sebalder Altstadt is a truly amazing neighborhood for your first time in Nuremberg! It outranks Frankfurt though as home of insurance companies such as Allianz (insurance) and Munich Re (re-insurance).[156]. [38] During the rule of Duke William V Munich began to be called the "German Rome" and William V began presenting Emperor Charlemagne as ancestor of the Wittelsbach dynasty. Munich's first film studio (Bavaria Film) was founded in 1919. Since the reunification of East and West Germany in 1990, the old West Germany has transferred a massive $2 trillion (1.7 trillion) in economic aid in an attempt to help former East Germany . According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 8.6% of Munich's population was Muslim.[95]. After the 2018 Bavarian state election, the composition and representation of each was as follows: In the Bundestag, Munich is divided between four constituencies. How much money do you need to live in Nuremberg? In 1789, the Englischer Garten was created just north of Munich's old city center. Its dome dominates the Odeonsplatz. [60], In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. West Germany and East Germany were unified in 1990. [118][122], July, English Garden:[118] Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdische Mnchen. In total,. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. One of Bogenhausen's most beautiful buildings is Villa Stuck, famed residence of painter Franz von Stuck. [73] Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss from the 1960s to the 1980s. A class 3 avalanche near Inveremere, B.C. Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006. [160] Munich enjoys a thriving economy, driven by the information technology, biotechnology, and publishing sectors. Jubilums-Festschrift. In 1957, Munich's population surpassed one million. The current mayor of Munich is Dieter Reiter of the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SPD), who was elected in 2014 and re-elected in 2020. It is available and is sold particularly during the Lenten Starkbierzeit (strong beer season), which begins on or before St. Joseph's Day (19 March). The fields are now part of the Theresienwiese and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual Oktoberfest. During 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. The data is supposed to be used to create a plan for action for adapting the city to better deal with climate change as well as an integrated action program for climate protection in Munich. The area around Knigsplatz is home to the Kunstareal, Munich's gallery and museum quarter (as described below). East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was temporary. Following the outbreak of World War I in 1914, life in Munich became very difficult, as the Allied blockade of Germany led to food and fuel shortages. Evidence of Celtic settlements from the Iron Age have been discovered in areas around Perlach. The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grnwald. Munich is a financial center and global city that holds the headquarters of many companies. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? Munich is an integral part of the motorway network of southern Germany. Munich (/ m ju n k / MEW-nik; German: Mnchen [mnn] (); Bavarian: Minga [m()] ()) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria.With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th . The St. Anna im Lehel is the first rococo church in Bavaria. [121], May, August, and October, Mariahilfplatz:[118] Auer Dult is Europe's largest jumble sale, with fairs of its kind dating back to the 14th century. Munich, or Mnchen ("Home of the Monks"), traces its origins to the Benedictine monastery at Tegernsee, which was probably founded in 750 ce. Germany is one of the most populous countries of the European Union and has one of the largest economies in Europe. Zweite Stammstrecke Mnchen. Nuremberg is a good place to live. St Michael in Berg am Laim is a church in the suburbs. Sign-posted cycle routes are the Outer uere Radlring (outer cycle route) and the RadlRing Mnchen.[129]. Other attractions of the festival include a flea market on the festival's first Saturday, a Beer Queen contest, a vintage car show on the first Sunday, fireworks every Friday night, and a "Day of Traditions" on the final day. In the second half of the last century the people from East Germany had to stick together far more than the people from West Germany have ever had to. In the 1960s and 1970s, Schwabing was considered a center of nightlife in Germany, with internationally known clubs such as Big Apple, PN hit-house, Domicile, Hot Club, Piper Club, Tiffany, Germany's first large-scale discotheque Blow Up and the underwater nightclub Yellow Submarine,[116][133][134] and Munich has been called "New York's big disco sister" in this context. [46] By the 1850s beer had become essential staple food for Munich's working and lower classes. [136] In particular, the area around Mllerstrae and Hans-Sachs-Strae was characterized by numerous gay bars and nightclubs. What was the conflict between East and West Germany? Nuremberg is a great city with a bustling cultural scene, plenty of facilities for leisure and education. since 1905. Klaus Schwarz: Atlas der sptkeltischen Viereckschanzen Bayerns Plne und Karten. [43] In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown price and princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Retrieved 22 July 2017. [159] In 2007 the same company also ranked Munich as the 39th most expensive in the world and most expensive major city in Germany. [citation needed], In 2007 the ecological restoration of the river Isar in the urban area of Munich was awarded the Water Development Prize by the German Association for Water, Wastewater and Waste (known as DWA in German). [49][50] In 1825 Ludwig I ascended to the throne and commissioned leading architects such as Leo von Klenze to design a series of public museums in neoclassical style. Schloss Frstenried (Frstenried Palace), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich. [133], Munich has the highest density of music venues of any German city, followed by Hamburg, Cologne and Berlin. It is allowed to bring one's own food to a beer garden, however, it is forbidden to bring one's own drinks. An important collection of Greek and Roman art is held in the Glyptothek and the Staatliche Antikensammlung (State Antiquities Collection). For Americans retiring in Germany, or citizens from other certain third countries such as Australia, South Africa, Japan, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, and Switzerland, it is possible to enter Germany for up to 90 days without a visa and apply for German residency while living there. It's because only half of the Russian Occupation Zone became East Germany. Next door, the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvillis Theatre before World War II. Holger.Ellgaard. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. Bayerischer Rundfunk. [132] It was the first and still is one of only a few in Western Europe to also occupy a building of its own. Biergrten (beer gardens) are popular fixtures of Munich's gastronomic landscape. Ralph D. Hildebrand, Rainer Wallbaum: Der Flughafen Mnchen. The king handed the brewing monopoly to Munich's wealthiest brewers, who in turn paid substantial taxs on their beer production. It is also very affordable when it comes to the cost of living. [126] There are also over 100 rides ranging from bumper cars to full-sized roller coasters, as well as the more traditional Ferris wheels and swings. The city has several important art galleries, most of which can be found in the Kunstareal, including the Alte Pinakothek, the Neue Pinakothek, the Pinakothek der Moderne and the Museum Brandhorst. From 1948 to 1952, the boundary between East and West Germany evolved from [125], September and October, Theresienwiese:[118] The largest beer festival in the world, Munich's Oktoberfest runs for 1618 days from the end of September through early October. Munich had already become an important place for painters like Carl Rottmann, Lovis Corinth, Wilhelm von Kaulbach, Carl Spitzweg, Franz von Lenbach, Franz von Stuck, Karl Piloty and Wilhelm Leibl when Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists, was established in Munich in 1911. The other half was divided between the Soviet Union, Poland, and Lithuania. [126], November and December, city-wide:[118] Munich's Christmas Markets, or Christkindlmrkte, are held throughout the city from late November until Christmas Eve, the largest spanning the Marienplatz and surrounding streets. According the annual study released on Wednesday, the economies of Brandenburg, Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia trail western states by 18 percent. There are few "green waves" or roundabouts, and the city's prosperity often causes an abundance of obstructive construction sites. Archaeological excavations at Marienhof Square (near Marienplatz) in advance of the expansion of the S-Bahn (subway) in 2012 discovered shards of vessels from the 11th century, which prove again that the settlement of Munich must be older than the Augsburg Arbitration of 1158. Other notable clubs include 1860 Munich, who were long time their rivals on a somewhat equal footing, but currently play in the 3rd Division 3. In the 15th century, Munich underwent a revival of Gothic arts: the Old Town Hall was enlarged, and Munich's largest Gothic church the Frauenkirche now a cathedral, was constructed in only 20 years, starting in 1468. The Casualties 2. Traditionally eaten only before noon a tradition dating to a time before refrigerators these morsels are often served with sweet mustard and freshly baked pretzels. Studies of adaptation to climate change and extreme events are carried out, one of them is the Isar Plan of the EU Adaptation Climate.[83]. The origin of the modern city of Munich is the result of a power struggle between a military warlord and an influential Catholic bishop. Communism: The Politics of Self-Representation Among Displaced Persons in Munich, 1945-51', PhD thesis, University of Chicago, 2005; Henriette von Holleuffer, Zwischen Fremde und . [37] Albrecht V appointed the composer Orlando di Lasso as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late Renaissance music. Since the 1960s, the Rosa Viertel (pink quarter) developed in the Glockenbachviertel and around Grtnerplatz, which in the 1980s made Munich "one of the four gayest metropolises in the world" along with San Francisco, New York City and Amsterdam. Given the local university and an international population, there are restaurants in town from all over the world, but Italian cuisine seems to be particularly popular here. Selbstverlag der Gemeinde Gauting, 1949. Germany is a country located in Western and Central Europe. Further, swimming within Munich's city limits is also possible in several artificial lakes such as for example the Riemer See or the Langwieder lake district. Its caricatures and biting satirical attacks on Wilhelmine German society were the result of countless of collaborative efforts by many of the best visual artists and writers from Munich and elsewhere. Whereas residents in the Bavarian city of Starnberg near Munich topped the list of 401 districts and independent towns with an average annual disposable income of 34,987 ($39,150), the North. In order halt this mass emigration from East Germany, East German State . Another area for the arts next to the Kunstareal is the Lehel quarter between the old town and the river Isar: the Museum Five Continents in Maximilianstrae is the second largest collection in Germany of artefacts and objects from outside Europe, while the Bavarian National Museum and the adjoining Bavarian State Archaeological Collection in Prinzregentenstrae rank among Europe's major art and cultural history museums. In: Ralf Sartori (Hrsg. The city was first mentioned in 1158. Munich has become a spiritual centre already since the times of Emperor Louis IV when philosophers like Michael of Cesena, Marsilius of Padua and William of Ockham were protected at the emperor's court. 815 in Frttmanning.[27]. About 45% of Munich's residents are not affiliated with any religious group; this ratio represents the fastest growing segment of the population. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. : 1.48 million), capital and largest city of Bavaria, founded in the 12th century by Benedictine monks. Siegfried Bufe: Hauptbahn MnchenRegensburg. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. In today's war, the invading army marches from the East, and more than a million Ukrainian refugees head West - to Germany in a mirror retrograde of history. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020,[4] it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th-largest city in the European Union. Railways. No religious affiliation is off the charts in the east. An express train will be added that will cut down travel time to 2025 minutes with limited stops on dedicated tracks. Das Fernsehen kommt 1953 bis 1969" (in German). After World War II the Residenze, the Hofbruhaus, the Frauenkirche, and the Peterskirche were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the Nazi Party seized power in 1933. Motorways from Stuttgart (W), Nuremberg, Frankfurt and Berlin (N), Deggendorf and Passau (E), Salzburg and Innsbruck (SE), Garmisch Partenkirchen (S) and Lindau (SW) terminate at Munich, allowing direct access to the different parts of Germany, Austria and Italy. Germany time now. Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbru AG. Buy now. In contrast, its less-frequented northern part is much quieter, with many old trees and thick undergrowth. Munich is a densely-built city but has numerous public parks. When did Germany split into East and West? [118] It now runs between 6 and 10 am the third Sunday in July at the Chinese Tower in Munich's English Garden. Other major inter city connections connected by EuroCity-trains or InterCityExpresses would be . The city houses many multinational companies, such as BMW, Siemens, MAN, Allianz and MunichRE. The warmest month, on average, is July. There are six main breweries in Munich: Augustiner-Bru, Hacker-Pschorr, Hofbru, Lwenbru, Paulaner and Spaten-Franziskaner-Bru (separate brands Spaten and Franziskaner, the latter of which mainly for Weissbier). Liberation of Munich April 30, 1945 (Video). Enjoy close proximity to local businesses, shopping and Marienplatz, the central square. Munich massacre, 1972 Olympic Games Tragedy struck the 1972 Olympics in Munich when eight Palestinian terrorists invaded the Olympic Village on September 5 and killed two members of the Israeli team. [8] Munich is consistently ranked as one of the most expensive cities in Germany in terms of real estate prices and rental costs. Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, ISBN 3-922138-61-6. ): Drfer auf dem Ziegelland. Another church of Johann Michael Fischer is St George in Bogenhausen. The avenue is framed by elaborately structured neo-Gothic buildings which house, among others, the Schauspielhaus, the Building of the district government of Upper Bavaria and the Museum of Ethnology. Similarly, Weinstrae leads off northwards to the Hofgarten. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder, or "economic miracle".
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